土耳其语

土耳其语(Turkish language)

通行於土尔其的语言，为该国约90%的人所使用。其使用者约为5,900万，通行於巴尔干半岛、塞浦路斯（从鄂图曼帝国起）和西欧的许多分散的地区。13～14世纪土库曼部落入侵土耳其时，把土耳其语带到安纳托利亚。用阿拉伯字母系统书写的安纳托利亚土耳其语出现於13世纪。鄂图曼土耳其语也受到波斯和阿拉伯语的大量影响，已丧失一些土耳其语的特徵，对下层社会的人而言已经是无法理解的了。自18世纪起有人试图将这些语言重新土耳其化，却没有收到很好的效果，直到20世纪和土耳其帝国建立後才实现。许多波斯－阿拉伯的辞汇被清除，重新采用了拉丁字母，并加上音调以注明土耳其特有的发音。土耳其语在语言学上是一种特殊的语言，有母音的和谐性（母音特点同音节一致）、黏黏性语形学，并遵循主语－宾语－谓语的语序。

English version：

Turkish language

Turkic language of Turkey, spoken by about 90% of its population. Turkish has about 59 million speakers, with many enclaves in the Balkans and Cyprus (dating from Ottoman times) and in West Europe. Turkish was introduced into Anatolia with the invasion of Turkmen tribes in the 13th-14th century. Anatolian Turkish, written in the Arabic alphabet, is first attested in the 13th century. Ottoman Turkish was so heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic that it lost some of its Turkic characteristics and was incomprehensible to lower social strata. Efforts to re-Turkicize the language began in the 18th century but did not make serious gains until the 20th century and the founding of the Turkish republic. Much Perso-Arabic vocabulary was removed, and the Latin alphabet was adopted with the addition of diacritics to symbolize sounds peculiar to Turkish. Turkish is linguistically a typical Turkic language, with vowel harmony (correspondence of vowel features across syllables), agglutinative morphology, and subject-object-verb word order.